Precautions to prevent lateral spread of avian influenza infection have been upgraded following introduction of the infection into aviaries at the Tucson, AZ. Reid Park Zoo. Apart from closing the exhibitions, workers now don protective clothing and gloves before entering bird habitats.  These precautions aimed at prevention after actual introduction of infection appears to be a case of closing the stable door after the horse has bolted.

Zoos that are frequently repositories of rare species should impose strict measures against introduction of infection applying precautions now regarded as routine in commercial production.

Vaccination is an option as implemented for black vultures (Coragyps atratus) as a test to determine the safety of an inactivated product intended for endangered California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) in captivity and ultimately in the wild.